Discover the role of nutrition and hydration in running performance. Learn pre, during, and post-run strategies for optimal results. Boost your running game now!
Running is a demanding physical activity that places significant stress on the body. Proper nutrition and hydration are essential components of athletic performance.
Consuming the right nutrients can help runners stay energized, improve endurance, and recover more effectively after a workout. Hydration also plays a critical role in maintaining optimal performance levels by keeping the body hydrated and preventing dehydration.
Importance of Nutrition and Hydration in Running Performance
Nutrition and hydration play a crucial role in determining running performance. The food runners consume directly impacts their energy levels, endurance, strength, and overall health.
Runners who fail to consume adequate amounts of energy-dense foods may experience fatigue during runs or struggle to maintain proper form. Water is an essential nutrient that supports various physiological functions such as temperature regulation, nutrient transport, lubrication of joints, and waste removal.
Adequate hydration can help prevent muscle cramps and overheating during long-distance runs or races. Maintaining the body with essential nutrients helps prevent injury by properly supporting joints and muscles throughout training sessions.
Overview of the Topic
This article explores how nutrition and hydration affect running performance at different stages, including before, during, and after running activities. It provides insights into nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats needed for optimal performance and ways to keep hydrated through water intake following electrolyte replenishment strategies.
It also covers nutrition supplements for runners, such as creatine, which is known to enhance endurance capacity while reducing fatigue; caffeine supplements believed to boost energy levels; Beta-alanine supplements that may delay the onset of muscle fatigue, among others. With this comprehensive guide on Nutrition & Hydration’s Role In Running Performance – you should be able to fine-tune your diet & hydration routine toward maximizing your overall fitness goals while performing at your best possible level!
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The Science Behind Nutrition and Hydration
For runners to perform at their best, it is crucial to understand the science behind nutrition and hydration. Optimal performance requires consuming the right balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source during exercise, whereas proteins help with muscle repair and growth. Fats are essential for energy production during prolonged exercise at lower intensities.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the body’s preferred source of energy during exercise. They are broken down into glucose and stored in muscles as glycogen, which can be used later for energy.
Runners should aim to consume 3-5 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight daily to maintain glycogen stores and perform at their best. It is important to note that not all carbohydrates are created equal.
Simple sugars like candy or soda provide a quick burst of energy but can lead to a crash later on. Complex carbohydrates like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables provide sustained energy throughout a run.
Proteins
While carbohydrates are the primary fuel source during exercise, protein plays a vital role in muscle repair and growth. Runners need around 1.2-1.6 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day, depending on training intensity.
Incorporating protein into pre- or post-run meals can help muscle recovery by promoting protein synthesis. Good protein sources include lean meats, eggs, beans, nuts, and dairy products.
Fats
Fats are essential for energy production during prolonged exercise at lower intensities. They are broken down into fatty acids that enter muscles for fuel when carbohydrates run low. Runners should aim for 20-35% of their daily calories to come from fats, emphasizing healthy fats like those found in nuts, seeds, avocados, and fatty fish.
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The Role of Hydration in Running Performance
Hydration is essential for all bodily functions, including exercise performance. The body loses water through sweat during exercise, so it is important to replace these fluids to maintain proper hydration levels.
Importance of Water Intake
Drinking enough water before a run can help prevent dehydration and improve performance. Runners should aim to drink 17-20 ounces of water 2-3 hours before a run and another 7-10 ounces 10-20 minutes before starting.
Drinking around 7-10 ounces of fluid during a run every ten minutes or as needed based on thirst is recommended. After the run, it is essential to rehydrate as soon as possible by drinking fluids until urine becomes pale yellow or clear.
Electrolytes and Their Significance
In addition to water, runners need electrolytes like sodium and potassium for proper hydration and muscle function. These nutrients are lost through sweat during exercise and must be replenished through diet or sports drinks. Sports drinks can be helpful for runs lasting longer than an hour because they provide both fluid and electrolytes.
However, it’s important not to rely solely on sports drinks as they are often high in sugar and artificial ingredients. Natural sources of electrolytes include fruits like bananas or coconut water.
Dehydration Risks
Dehydration occurs when the body loses more water than it takes in. This can decrease performance by impairing muscle function and increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses like heat exhaustion or heatstroke. Runners should pay close attention to their hydration levels, especially when running in hot or humid conditions.
Signs of dehydration include dark urine, dry mouth, and dizziness. If dehydration is suspected, stopping the activity and rehydrating immediately is essential.
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Pre-Run Nutrition and Hydration Strategies
| Strategy | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Drink to thirst | Drink when you feel thirsty to avoid underhydrating or overhydrating. | ² |
| Eat carbohydrates before a run. | Weigh yourself before and after a run to calculate how much fluid you lose and need to replace. | ² |
| Know your sweat rate. | This is a general guideline for fluid intake during runs. Adjust according to your sweat rate and weather conditions. | ² |
| Drink 4 to 6 ounces every 20 minutes. | For runs longer than 90 minutes, drink a sports drink that contains sodium and other minerals to prevent hyponatremia. | ² |
| Include a sports drink for long runs. | Drink plenty of fluids in the days leading up to a long run or race. Your urine should be pale and you should void at least six times a day. | ²³ |
| Drink plenty of fluids in the days leading up to a long run or race. Your urine should be pale and void at least six times a day. | Carbohydrates are the best source of energy for runners. They should make up 60% to 65% of your daily calorie intake. Choose whole-grain foods that are rich in fiber and nutrients. | ¹ |
| Hydrate well before a long run or race. | Eat protein before and after a run. | ¹ |
Sources:
- (1) Hydration Tips for Before, During, and After Your Runs. https://www.verywellfit.com/hydration-and-running-2911541.
- (2) Marathon hydration strategies. https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/nutrition/hydration/a769293/marathon-hydration-strategies/.
- (3) Runner’s Diet: What to Eat Before, During, and After Running. https://www.verywellfit.com/should-i-eat-before-a-run-2911547.
Timing of Meals Before a Run
When it comes to running performance, the timing of meals is critical. It is essential to choose the right time to eat before a run; otherwise, you risk experiencing discomfort or feeling sluggish during your run. Generally, it is recommended that runners eat their last meal two hours before their scheduled run time.
This allows enough time for digestion and helps avoid stomach discomfort during the run. However, every runner’s body is different, and you may need to experiment with different timing to find what works best for you.
For example, some runners may feel comfortable eating as little as 30 minutes before a run without experiencing any digestive issues. It’s crucial to listen to your body and adjust accordingly.
Types of Foods to Consume Before a Run
Eating the right types of foods before a race can help maximize your performance by providing your body with the necessary fuel it needs. Ideally, pre-run meals should be rich in carbohydrates as they provide energy for endurance activities like running.
Some excellent pre-run meal options include oatmeal with fruit and nuts or yogurt with granola and berries. Alternatively, lighter options like smoothies or fruit can provide sufficient energy without weighing down your digestive system.
Avoiding high-fat foods leading to slower digestion or causing stomach upset during the race is also essential. Additionally, spicy or high-fiber foods should be avoided in the hours leading up to the race.
Hydration Strategies Before a Run
Proper hydration is an essential component of any pre-run strategy. It’s recommended that runners drink approximately 17-20 ounces of water two hours before their scheduled run time; this helps ensure adequate hydration levels during exercise.
Consider drinking a sports drink containing electrolytes to further boost hydration levels before a run, especially on hot days or longer races. Electrolytes like sodium and potassium help maintain fluid balance and prevent cramping during a race.
It’s also crucial to continue, especially on hot days or longer races, to consider drinking a sports drink containing sipping water in the hours leading up to a race to maintain hydration levels. However, be careful not to over-hydrate, as this can lead to discomfort or the need for frequent bathroom trips during the race.
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During-Run Nutrition and Hydration Strategies
| Strategy | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Drink to thirst | Drink when you feel thirsty to avoid underhydrating or overhydrating. | Eat protein during the long run. |
| Include a sports drink for long runs. | This is a general guideline for fluid intake during runs. Adjust according to your sweat rate and weather conditions. | ¹ |
| Eat carbohydrates during a run. | For runs longer than 90 minutes, drink a sports drink that contains sodium and other minerals to prevent hyponatremia. | ¹²³ |
| Eat protein during the long run. | Carbohydrates are the best source of energy for runners. They help maintain blood glucose levels and delay fatigue. Choose easily digestible sources such as gels, chews, bars, or bananas. | ² |
| Eat protein during a long run | Protein helps repair muscle tissue and prevent muscle breakdown during long runs. Some sports drinks, gels, and bars contain protein or amino acids. Aim for 10 to 15 grams of protein per hour of running. | ² |
Sources:
- (1) Hydration Tips for Before, During, and After Your Runs. https://www.verywellfit.com/hydration-and-running-2911541.
- (2) Runner’s Diet: What to Eat Before, During, and After Running. https://www.verywellfit.com/should-i-eat-before-a-run-2911547.
- (3) RW’s complete guide to running and hydration. https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/nutrition/a761780/rws-complete-guide-to-hydration/.
Hydration Strategies for Marathon Runners
As a marathon runner, it’s essential to maintain proper hydration throughout your training. Proper hydration will help regulate body temperature and prevent dehydration-related cramping, which can lead to performance decline.
While sports nutrition experts often recommend energy drinks for their electrolyte content (sodium, potassium), other options like fruit juice or chocolate milk can provide the necessary nutrients for a successful run. It’s essential to monitor your fluid intake before, during, and after a marathon to remain adequately hydrated!
The Power of Carbohydrates in Running Performance
Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of energy. They break down into glucose, which provides energy for your muscles to work. When you exercise, your body needs more carbohydrates than usual because it’s using up its stores of glycogen–the storage form of glucose in muscles and liver–to power you through your workout.
If you’re running long distances (more than 10 miles), consuming the right amount of carbohydrates can significantly boost athletes’ performance during long runs and marathons by giving them glucose regularly throughout their training sessions.
Breaking down into glucose first thing in the morning before breakfast helps keep blood sugar levels stable throughout the day; this helps prevent feelings of hunger later on when they might otherwise be tempted by unhealthy snacks like candy bars or chips just because they feel hungry! Incorporating complex carbohydrates such as whole grains (e., brown rice), fruits, vegetables, etc, into a runner’s diet is essential for achieving the right balance of nutrients needed before hitting the pavement!
Fueling for long-distance runs or races
Fueling is one of the most critical aspects of nutrition during a long-distance run or race. Without proper fueling strategies, runners risk depleting their energy stores and hitting the infamous “wall.” This can result in a decrease in performance and may even result in not finishing the race.
During long-distance runs or races, carbohydrate intake is crucial to maintain muscle glycogen stores. Runners should aim to consume 30-60 grams of carbohydrates per hour during a race.
This can be achieved by consuming sports drinks, gels, chews, or solid foods such as bananas or granola bars. Protein intake during a long-distance run or race is also essential for recovery.
However, consuming protein during the run is not recommended as it can cause digestive issues. Instead, focus on consuming protein within 30 minutes after finishing the race to aid muscle recovery.
Types of fueling options available
There are several types of fueling options available for runners during a race. Sports drinks containing carbohydrates and electrolytes are popular choices as they provide quick energy and aid in maintaining proper hydration levels.
Gels and chews containing carbohydrates are also well-known for runners as they are easy to carry and consume while on the go. Solid foods such as bananas or granola bars can also provide much-needed energy during a long-distance run or race.
It is important to note that each runner’s body may respond differently to different fueling options. It may take trial and error before finding what works best for your body.
Hydration strategies during the race
Hydration is as important as proper fueling strategies during long-distance runs or races. Runners should aim to consume 16-20 ounces of water or sports drink per hour during the race to maintain proper hydration levels.
Electrolytes such as sodium and potassium are essential to replenish during a long-distance run or race. Sports drinks containing electrolytes can help maintain proper levels, but runners can also consume salt tablets or prepackaged salt packets to replenish electrolytes.
Runners must listen to their bodies during a race and adjust fueling and hydration strategies accordingly. Ignoring signs of dehydration or not fueling correctly can have negative consequences on performance and overall health.
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Balancing Calories and Nutrients for Optimal Running Performance
A well-rounded runner’s diet should focus on obtaining the right balance of calories and nutrients. This can be achieved by consuming various lean proteins, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Weight gain or loss can impact running performance, making it essential to manage calorie intake based on individual goals (marathoners in particular). Marathon runners should prioritize consuming lean meats with amino acids that support muscle repair and overall health and vitamin D for bone health.
Sports Nutrition Essentials for Marathon Success
Athletes must prioritize sports nutrition to achieve peak performance in marathons and long runs. The right balance of carbohydrates, lean proteins, and healthy fats will help you maintain energy levels throughout the race while promoting muscle repair and recovery after training sessions.
Carbohydrates are crucial for providing energy during endurance exercise; however, they should not be consumed excessively as this can lead to excessive weight gain or gastrointestinal distress (e.g., bloating). Carbohydrate intake should be adjusted depending on your training schedule to maximize your body’s ability to utilize these macronutrients effectively during competition days.
Lean proteins – such as lean meat and amino acids – are vital for muscle repair and recovery after strenuous workouts; however, too much protein consumption may cause dehydration due to its high water content, which could result in dehydration symptoms such as headaches or nausea if taken without sufficient fluid intake (water!). For this reason, it is best to practice before and during exercise, where possible.
Optimal Hydration Methods for Long Run Performance
Staying hydrated during long runs is essential for maintaining body temperature, preventing cramps, and supporting overall performance. While energy drinks can benefit from their electrolyte content, alternatives like fruit juice and chocolate milk offer valuable nutrients and rehydration benefits. Runners should consider their needs and preferences when selecting hydration sources during endurance exercise. Monitoring fluid intake before, during, and after a run is crucial to ensure proper hydration.
A Balanced Diet for Running Nutrition and Weight Management
A balanced diet is key for optimal running nutrition and weight management, whether the goal is weight loss or avoiding weight gain. With a focus on nutrient-dense foods, athletes can achieve the right mix of calories, vitamins, and minerals to support their training and performance. Runners should integrate a variety of carbohydrates (like whole grains), lean proteins (like beans), and healthy fats into their diets as well as energy gels or bars for quick calorie boosts during races.
Post-Run Nutrition and Hydration Strategies
| Strategy | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Drink 20 to 24 ounces of fluid per pound lost. | This is a general guideline for fluid replacement after a run. Weigh yourself before and after a run to calculate how much fluid you lost and need to drink. | ¹ |
| Eat a balanced meal within two hours of finishing. | This will help replenish the sodium and other minerals you lost through sweat and prevent hyponatremia. | ² |
| Eat carbohydrates and protein within 30 minutes of finishing. | This will help restore your glycogen stores and repair your muscle tissue. Aim for a 3:1 or 4:1 ratio of carbs to protein. | ²³ |
| Drink a sports drink or eat some pretzels. | Fats help reduce inflammation and support hormone production. Choose sources such as nuts, seeds, avocados, or olive oil. | ³ |
| Eat a balanced meal within two hours of finishing | Eat some healthy fats. | ³ |
Sources:
- (1) Hydration Tips for Before, During, and After Your Runs. https://www.verywellfit.com/hydration-and-running-2911541.
- (2) RW’s complete guide to running and hydration. https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/nutrition/a761780/rws-complete-guide-to-hydration/.
- (3) What to Eat After a Run: 15 Great Choices. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/what-to-eat-after-running.
Importance of post-run recovery nutrition
Post-run recovery nutrition is a crucial component of any runner’s training regimen. After a run, the body’s glycogen stores are depleted, and muscles are damaged from the impact of running. Consuming the proper nutrients immediately after exercise can help speed recovery, reduce muscle soreness, and improve overall performance.
The most crucial macronutrient after a run is carbohydrates, which help replenish the body’s glycogen stores. Aim to consume at least 1 gram of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight within 30 minutes of finishing your run.
Good sources include fruits like bananas or berries, whole grains like brown rice or quinoa, and starchy vegetables like sweet potatoes. Protein is another essential nutrient for post-run recovery as it helps repair damaged muscle tissue.
Aim to consume 20-30 grams of high-quality protein for optimal recovery within an hour after exercise. Good sources include lean meats like chicken or turkey, eggs, dairy products like milk or Greek yogurt, and plant-based options such as lentils or tofu.
Types of foods to consume after a run
In addition to carbohydrates and protein, other nutrients can aid in post-run recovery. Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E can help reduce inflammation caused by exercise-induced stress on the body. Foods like dark leafy greens like spinach or kale, berries like blueberries or raspberries, and nuts like almonds or walnuts are all good antioxidants.
Another essential nutrient for post-run recovery is potassium which helps regulate fluid balance in the body. Good sources include bananas or avocadoes.
Don’t forget about healthy fats that aid easy nutrient absorption and provide sustained energy for the body throughout the day. Good sources include nuts and seeds like chia or flax seeds, fatty fish like salmon or tuna, and oils like olive or coconut oil.
Hydration strategies after the race
Hydration is just as important after a run as before and during. Aim to consume at least 16-20 ounces of water immediately after exercise to help replace fluids lost through sweat.
Rehydrating with electrolyte-rich liquids such as sports drinks can also be beneficial. It’s important to continue hydrating throughout the day after a run, especially in a hot or humid climate.
Aim to consume at least half your body weight in ounces of water daily for optimal hydration. In addition to fluids, consuming foods with high water content, such as fruits and vegetables, can also aid in hydration.
Watermelon, cucumbers, oranges, and grapefruits are good hydrating foods. Post-run recovery nutrition and hydration strategies are essential for any runner looking to improve performance and reduce muscle soreness.
Aim to consume a combination of carbohydrates, protein, antioxidants, potassium, healthy fats, and fluids within 30 minutes of finishing your run for optimal recovery. Remember to continue hydrating daily after exercise by consuming fluids and hydrating foods.
Nutrition Supplements for Runners
Types of supplements available for runners
As the demand for better running performance increases, so does the interest in nutritional supplements. Supplements are easy to boost energy levels, improve endurance, and speed up muscle recovery after a run. Some popular supplements among runners include:
- Creatine: this supplement improves strength and power output during high-intensity exercises like sprinting or hill repeats. – Beta-Alanine: This supplement enhances endurance by buffering lactic acid, which can delay fatigue during long-distance runs.
- Caffeine is a popular stimulant that can increase alertness and energy levels when consumed before a run. – Protein Powders: protein powders help build muscle and repair muscle tissue that may have been damaged during exercise.
Benefits and drawbacks associated with using supplements
While supplements can help improve running performance, it’s essential to understand their potential benefits and drawbacks.
Benefits:
- Increased energy levels – Improved endurance
- Speedier recovery after a run – Better overall health (if taken in moderation)
Drawbacks:
- Costly: most good-quality dietary supplements are costly – Limited regulation: some supplements may contain harmful ingredients or substances not listed on the label
- Side effects: some users may experience side effects such as headaches, nausea, or stomach discomfort -Risks of doping violations – many athletes have been disqualified from competitions due to banned substances in their system.
Runners must research any supplement before consuming them. Look out for trustworthy brands that sell quality products made with natural ingredients.
Also, check with your doctor if you have any pre-existing medical conditions that may be affected by these dietary changes. While there is no denying that nutrition supplements can help improve running performance, weighing the potential benefits and drawbacks before making them a part of your training regimen is essential.
Dietary Strategies for Enhanced Running Performance
A well-planned dietary strategy is essential for runners aiming to optimize their performance. Adequate nutrition is pivotal in supporting the rigorous demands of training and recovery processes.
Runners should focus on a daily intake rich in carbohydrates to ensure carbohydrate availability and maximize muscle glycogen synthesis. Including various carbohydrate-rich foods such as wholegrain breads, sports bars, and energy gels can help meet the energy requirements. Additionally, including protein-rich foods like whey protein and plant-based sources is crucial for muscle protein synthesis and recovery.
Hydration and Fluid Retention Strategies
Hydration is a key component in a runner’s performance and recovery. Runners should be mindful of their fluid losses from sweat and aim to maintain a balance in body fluids for optimal performance. Strategies such as monitoring urine color as an indicator of dehydration and planning fluid ingestion hours before competition can be beneficial. Runners should consider relying on plain water and incorporating sports drinks that can help replenish the lost electrolytes and improve fluid retention.
Tailoring Nutrition and Hydration to Individual Needs
Every runner is unique; thus, nutrition and hydration strategies should be tailored to meet the individual needs and concerns of the athletes. Factors such as body mass, ambient temperature, and the training program’s intensity play a significant role in determining the dietary and fluid requirements.
Elite athletes and those involved in ultra-endurance sports may require specialized recommendations to meet their energy intake and fluid needs. Engaging with nutrition programs and athlete support personnel can be beneficial in receiving customized advice and support.
Ethical and Safety Considerations in Sports Nutrition
While focusing on nutrition and hydration is crucial, athletes should also be mindful of the ethical and safety concerns associated with various dietary supplements and sports foods. Ensuring that the sources of nutrition information are reliable and based on sound evidence is essential to avoid negative nutrient interactions or potential health risks.
Athletes should be wary of Category D and medical supplements’ efficacy and safety to prevent significant concerns or adverse effects on their health and performance.
Latest Research Backed-Data
- Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers
- This article discusses nutrition-related contributors like body mass and anthropometry, the capacity to use fuels, mainly carbohydrate (CHO), to produce adenosine triphosphate economically throughout the event, and the maintenance of reasonable hydration status.
- Published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2019.
- Nutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road
- This review aims to explore the physiological and nutritional demands of ultramarathon running and provide general guidance on nutritional requirements for ultramarathon training and competition, including aspects of race nutrition logistics.
- Published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2019.
- What Is Proper Hydration and How It Affects Running Performance
- This article emphasizes the significance of proper hydration in optimizing running performance, suggesting that hydration plays a more significant role in optimal performance than previously thought. You can read the full article for more detailed insights here.
- The study by the University of North Alabama involved 13 distance runners. It aimed to understand the impact of hydration levels on 10K running performance.
- Runners participated in a 75-minute evening run and a 10K time trial the following day. The hydration levels varied between the two sessions.
- In one session, runners rehydrated 75% of their sweat loss; in another, they rehydrated 150%.
- The study found that runners who rehydrated 150% of their sweat loss improved their 10K times by over a minute on average, translating to a three percent improvement compared to those who rehydrated 75%.
Conclusion: The Importance of Nutrition and Hydration in Running Performance
Fueling Your Performance with Proper Nutrition and Hydration
A runner’s diet should have a balanced nutrition intake, including carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats. In addition to a well-rounded diet, proper hydration is essential to a runner’s performance.
Ensuring adequate water intake before, during, and after a run can help prevent dehydration and its associated risks. Electrolytes also play a crucial role in maintaining hydration levels during running activities.
The Role of Nutrition Supplements for Runners
Nutrition supplements can provide additional benefits to runners when used appropriately. However, it is essential to understand the potential side effects of different supplements to avoid adverse effects on performance or health. Runners should carefully consider the benefits of using supplements before incorporating them into their regular training regimens.
The Importance of Post-Run Recovery Nutrition
Recovery nutrition is just as important as fueling up before a run. The post-run recovery period provides an opportunity to replenish depleted glycogen stores by consuming carbohydrates within 30 minutes after exercise. Protein intake within this timeframe may also help promote muscle repair and growth.
Proper nutrition and hydration are crucial in optimizing running performance while reducing the risk of injury or harm during training sessions or competitions. Combining these elements can help runners achieve their goals efficiently while improving overall health outcomes.
Ensuring appropriate pre-, during-, and post-run nutrition strategies is vital to achieving optimal performance. With careful planning, runners can take advantage of all that proper nutrition and hydration offer!
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Nutrition and Supplement Update for the Endurance Athlete: Review and …
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Water, hydration, and health | Nutrition Reviews | Oxford Academic
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Nutrition for endurance sports: marathon, triathlon, and road cycling
Endurance sports are increasing in popularity, and athletes at all levels are looking for ways to optimize their performance through training and nutrition. For endurance exercise lasting 30 min or …
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Studies have shown that it is possible to blind volunteers to their hydration status by manipulating fluid intake through intravenous saline (venous catheter) and intragastric (nasogastric tube) water …
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